Reflective Bible Study

While Matthew’s gospel shares a lot more details surrounding Jesus describing what the world would be like leading up to His return, Luke includes some interesting pieces of Jesus’ teaching on this. However, unlike Matthew’s gospel, which frames Jesus teaching about the end after the disciples ask a question, Luke’s gospel seems to frame this around the Pharisees asking Jesus a question, and putting a thought into His mind.

Let’s read what Luke tells us Jesus shared about the coming of God’s kingdom and what Jesus’ followers should expect regarding His return.

Our passage for this episode is found in Luke’s gospel, chapter 17, and we will read from the New International Reader’s Version. Starting in verse 20, Luke tells us that:

²⁰ Once the Pharisees asked Jesus when God’s kingdom would come. He replied, “The coming of God’s kingdom is not something you can see. ²¹ People will not say, ‘Here it is.’ Or, ‘There it is.’ That’s because God’s kingdom is among you.”

Let’s pause briefly here because in the next verse, Luke shifts directions slightly and I don’t want us to miss the big idea Jesus shares in this opening.

There are actually two big ideas in these first two verses. The first big idea is one that I find amazing, especially when I look at the majority of the gospels. This first idea is that this group of Pharisees seems to ask Jesus a genuine question. More often than not, the Pharisees were leading the broader group of religious leaders in planting traps and challenges for Jesus. However, that is not what we discover here.

In the opening verses of our passage, we discover how the Pharisees ask a genuine question and receive a genuine response. This tells me that Jesus treated every situation independently, and Jesus didn’t hold grudges against those who seemed to most openly oppose Him. This also challenges me to be like Jesus and treat every situation independently and to not hold grudges against those who most openly oppose me.

The second big idea is in Jesus’ response. While the kingdom that all those in the first century were looking for was a military kingdom to arise and challenge Rome, Jesus describes the arrival God’s kingdom as not something easily seen. The arrival of God’s kingdom is invisible, and one reason for this is because God’s kingdom is a kingdom unlike what we would often think of as a kingdom.

Jesus finishes off this second idea by saying that God’s kingdom was already among them. This is powerful because when these religious leaders were looking for a kingdom to arrive, Jesus tells them they missed the kingdom’s arrival and that it was already here. This tells me that God’s kingdom is anywhere that God is present. This means that when Jesus walked the earth, God’s kingdom was present. This also means that anywhere the Holy Spirit is present, God’s kingdom is also present.

When we let the Holy Spirit into our lives, we enter God’s kingdom, and we ally ourselves with it! God gave Jesus’ followers the Holy Spirit, and while the Holy Spirit works in different ways through God’s people at different points in time, allowing the Holy Spirit into our lives is never the wrong choice.

However, our passage isn’t finished yet. With the question of the coming of God’s kingdom on Jesus’ mind, we continue reading in verse 22:

²² Then Jesus spoke to his disciples. “The time is coming,” he said, “when you will long to see one of the days of the Son of Man. But you won’t see it. ²³ People will tell you, ‘There he is!’ Or, ‘Here he is!’ Don’t go running off after them. ²⁴ When the Son of Man comes, he will be like the lightning. It flashes and lights up the sky from one end to the other. ²⁵ But first the Son of Man must suffer many things. He will not be accepted by the people of today.

²⁶ “Remember how it was in the days of Noah. It will be the same when the Son of Man comes. ²⁷ People were eating and drinking. They were getting married. They were giving their daughters to be married. They did all those things right up to the day Noah entered the ark. Then the flood came and destroyed them all.

²⁸ “It was the same in the days of Lot. People were eating and drinking. They were buying and selling. They were planting and building. ²⁹ But on the day Lot left Sodom, fire and sulfur rained down from heaven. And all the people were destroyed.

³⁰ “It will be just like that on the day the Son of Man is shown to the world. ³¹ Suppose someone is on the housetop on that day. And suppose what they own is inside the house. They should not go down to get what they own. No one in the field should go back for anything either. ³² Remember Lot’s wife! ³³ Whoever tries to keep their life will lose it. Whoever loses their life will keep it. ³⁴ I tell you, on that night two people will be in one bed. One person will be taken and the other left. ^35-36 Two women will be grinding grain together. One will be taken and the other left.”

³⁷ “Where, Lord?” his disciples asked.

He replied, “The vultures will gather where there is a dead body.”

In Jesus’ big message to the disciples about His return, we see a huge theme present. When Jesus returns, it will be sudden and visible to everyone like the lightning. Jesus’ return will be quick, because those who woke up that morning thinking they were going to experience a normal day discover this day would be anything but normal. And Jesus’ return should prompt us to leave anything and everything of this world behind.

Anything less global than a world-shattering event is likely not Jesus’ second coming.

While the disciples want to know where Jesus’ return will take place, the only answer Jesus gives them is that His return will be wherever vultures gather when there is a dead body. While many people could understand this response in different ways, I understand Jesus’ words to basically mean that this will be world-wide, or specifically wherever there are people living in the world.

Right now, there are people living in almost every place on the planet. Some places are more crowded than others, but every continent has people living on it, including Antarctica which is home to various groups of scientists and researchers.

While vultures don’t live in all parts of the world, I don’t think that the idea of vultures is as significant as we might think at first. While vultures were the primary predatory bird in that culture and region, I suspect Jesus would have used any predatory bird or animal if He’d been sharing in a different part of the planet.

The last big idea I want to share from Jesus’ message isn’t a very positive one, but it is significant. Jesus’ return will mark the point when God’s people are taken while others are left. Jesus’ last words indicate that what is left following His return will be dead bodies, indicating that this world wide conclusion likely won’t leave anyone alive left on this planet. Those taken with Jesus will be taken to heaven, and those left will be vulture food.

While this sounds bleak, it is significant for us to pay attention to because any return that is any less earth-shattering than what Jesus describes here is more likely an impostor than Jesus. If we see, hear, or believe anyone’s claim that Jesus has shown up and His return doesn’t end the world, then whoever showed up wasn’t the Jesus of the gospels.

Jesus came to bring glory to God the first time He came, and the second time Jesus comes it will be to gather God’s people to come home with Him to heaven. Jesus’ second coming will be a much shorter visit than His first, because as He tells His disciples in John’s gospel as they are traveling to the garden on the night of His arrest, Jesus is making homes, rooms, or mansions for us in heaven. Our ultimate home is going to be with God, and we get to experience the home He has prepared for us when He returns to bring us home!

As we come to the end of another podcast episode, here are the challenges I will leave you with:

As I always challenge you to do, continue seeking God first in your life and choose to ally your life with Him and His kingdom. Accept Jesus’ sacrifice as payment for your sins and accept the Holy Spirit into your heart, your mind, and your life. Also, continue looking forward to the day Jesus returns and takes us home to be with Him!

Also, continue praying and studying the Bible for yourself to learn and grow closer to God each and every day. Through prayer and personal study, discover a God who loves you with all of His heart and a God who is willing to cross the universe to redeem you!

And as I end every set of challenges by saying in one way or another, never stop short of, back away from, chicken out of, or abandon where God wants to lead you to in your life with Him!

Moving forward to another prophecy that was fulfilled while Jesus was on the cross, we turn our attention onto several verses tucked within a psalm written by David. Within this psalm, we discover something that seems difficult to believe happened by chance, even though historians might say that this type of thing was common. While I don’t know how significant this connection point is, or if what was described ultimately became common practice for those being crucified during the first century, I do find it amazing how the details David describes are included within Jesus’ crucifixion, and in such a way that it is easy to see the connection.

Let’s read what David wrote. Using the New American Standard Bible, reading from Psalm 69, starting in verse 20, David writes:

²⁰ Reproach has broken my heart and I am so sick.
And I looked for sympathy, but there was none,
And for comforters, but I found none.
²¹ They also gave me gall for my food
And for my thirst they gave me vinegar to drink.

While it would be easy to continue reading, after describing what he was offered, David shifts his focus in the next few verses.

On the surface, while I suspect none of us would want to be put in a situation like David was in while He wrote this psalm, it is interesting in my mind that at a point where there would be no one to comfort or sympathize with him, he would be offered gall and vinegar.

Moving forward to the New Testament, and specifically Jesus’ time on the cross, Matthew’s gospel gives us insight into the fulfillment of this prophecy. In Matthew, chapter 27, starting in verse 33, we learn that:

³³ [And] when they came to a place called Golgotha, which means Place of a Skull, ³⁴ they gave Him wine to drink mixed with gall; and after tasting it, He was unwilling to drink.

John’s gospel records this a little differently, though equally relevant. In John, chapter 19, starting in verse 28, we learn that:

²⁸ After this, Jesus, knowing that all things had already been accomplished, to fulfill the Scripture, said, “I am thirsty.” ²⁹ A jar full of sour wine was standing there; so they put a sponge full of the sour wine upon a branch of hyssop and brought it up to His mouth. ³⁰ Therefore when Jesus had received the sour wine, He said, “It is finished!” And He bowed His head and gave up His spirit.

I will be the first to acknowledge that I don’t know whether Jesus was offered the wine multiple times during the hours that He hung on the cross. It wouldn’t surprise me if there were multiple points when the wine was offered to Him.

However, taking a step back for a moment, I thought it interesting that the Psalm described gall being mixed with vinegar, while Matthew’s gospel describes gall being mixed with wine. This prompted me to look up what, if any, difference there is between vinegar and wine, or more specifically sour wine, as John’s gospel describes the liquid that was present.

The short search I did turned up the information that vinegar as a term is pretty generic, and that sour wine shares many similar properties with vinegar. Being offered a vinegar that would be edible or drinkable would be very similar, or perhaps even indistinguishable from being offered wine that had turned sour. While some people might consider this change of terms a failed prophecy, I don’t. Instead, sour wine is in my mind a type of vinegar, and Matthew and John are actually describing a more specific substance under the generic heading of vinegar. It also wouldn’t surprise me if the vinegar David writes about being offered would be the same level of edibleness as the sour wine Jesus was offered.

However, aside from the prophetic nature of this offer of wine, is there anything else that we should understand about this detail that was written into Jesus’ time on the cross?

In my mind, there is.

First off, focusing our attention onto the wine and gall mixture that Jesus was offered at the start of His time on the cross, and the detail that Jesus ultimately refused this initial offer, prompts me to understand that Jesus was not interested in hastening His death, or in deadening His senses, which wine and gall would have done. In some places, gall is described as a poison, while other places describe it as a bitter spice. Either way, wine and gall would have numbed Jesus’ senses to the pain of the cross, and while it seems difficult to imagine, if Jesus had done something to minimize the pain He faced on the cross, the case could be made that the price He paid, and the sacrifice He offered, was not as valuable.

Also tied to this thought is the idea that as Someone set apart from birth as dedicated to God, Jesus was to avoid any alcohol or fermented drink. Traditionally this would be called a nazirite pledge, though it is unclear whether Jesus’ life and ministry would be constrained in the same or in a similar way. Also complicating the nazirite pledge is passages that clearly describe Jesus as drinking wine – except that when I search for a passage like this, I cannot find one where Jesus drank wine prior to this crucifixion event. The closest suggestion to Jesus drinking is found in Luke’s gospel, where Jesus is contrasted with John the Baptist who didn’t drink, while Jesus is framed as eating and drinking too much.

Even when describing Jesus’ last supper with His disciples, there isn’t a description given for Jesus drinking from the cup prior to giving it to His followers. Jesus simply promises that He won’t drink from that point on. While it could be said that Jesus drank immediately prior to this statement, it could also simply be a reaffirmation to a non-drinking pledge that was already in effect.

Complicating Jesus’ drinking or not drinking of wine is the Bible’s generic usage of this term. Wine in the Bible is used to describe both fresh, unfermented grape juice, as well as the fermented grape juice that we would call wine in our culture today. This means that we must be extra cautious when understanding what is being described. When the word wine is used, does it mean every type of drink that is derived from grapes, does it mean only unfermented fresh grape juice, or does it mean only fermented grape juice that is more commonly called wine.

Sometimes we have a clue, since some places describe new wine or fresh wine and contrast it with old wine, giving us a clue that new, fresh wine would be unfermented, while old wine was fermented. A clear example of this usage is when Jesus is illustrating new wine being placed in new wineskins rather than in old ones.

My suspicion is that Jesus avoided all forms of grape juice as much as possible, and that the drink in the cup He connected spiritually with His blood would have been new wine, or unfermented grape juice. This is because Jesus’ life was pure and undefiled, and fermentation in a drink that represented Jesus’ life would make it impure.

However, what of Jesus’ time on the cross. While Jesus clearly rejected the wine mixed with gall when He was first raised up on the cross, multiple gospels describe what we read about in John’s gospel that describe Jesus being given sour wine right before His death. It is interesting though that the gospels are almost entirely silent on what Jesus did with the sour wine He was offered. The only clue is in John’s gospel where John says that after Jesus “received” the sour wine, which prompts me to believe Jesus ingested some of it.

If Jesus ingested some of the sour wine that was offered to Him, some might say this act broke His promise to His disciples the night before. However, to contrast the negative way of framing this idea is a powerful, positive symbolic idea: By ingesting some heavily-fermented, impure, sour wine, Jesus was internalizing sinful human nature and taking this imperfection with Him to the grave. This would be a symbolic way of saying that Jesus took our sins with Him to the cross.

While I have no idea whether Jesus ingested the sour wine right before taking His last breath, any way we understand this is powerful. Jesus took our sins, our imperfections, and our guilt with Him to the cross, and He offers us His perfect, sinless life in exchange. This is great news worth sharing and celebrating!

As we come to the end of another podcast episode, here are the challenges I will leave you with:

As I always challenge you to do, continue to seek God first in your life. Accept Jesus’ offer of His sinless life in exchange for our sin-stained lives and lean on Him for help moving through life.

Also, continue to pray and study the Bible for yourself, to purposefully grow closer to Jesus and to God each and every day. Through personal prayer and Bible study, discover just how much God loves you and just how much Jesus wants to redeemed into eternity.

And as I end every set of challenges by saying in one way or another, never stop short of, back away from, chicken out of, or give up on where God wants to lead you to in your life with Him!